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A key challenge facing the wind industry is the potential for turbines to adversely affect wild animals both directly, via collisions, as well as indirectly due to noise pollution, habitat loss, and reduced survival or reproduction. Among the most impacted wildlife are birds and bats, which by eating destructive insects provide billions of dollars of economic benefits to the country''s agricultural...
Since 1950, the USGS has collected and analyzed water-use data for the United States and its Territories . That data is revised every 5 years. As of 2015, the United States uses 322 billion gallons of water per day (Bgal/day). The three largest water-use categories were irrigation (118 Bgal/day), thermoelectric power (133 Bgal/day), and public supply (39 Bgal/day), cumulatively accounting for 90...
The number of turbines installed in the U.S. each year varies based on a number of factors, but on average 3,000 turbines have been built in the U.S. each year since 2005. Learn more: Wind Energy U.S. Wind Turbine Database
According to a report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Table 30), depending on make and model wind turbines are predominantly made of steel (66-79% of total turbine mass); fiberglass, resin or plastic (11-16%); iron or cast iron (5-17%); copper (1%); and aluminum (0-2%). Many turbine components are domestically sourced and manufactured in the United States. According to the Land...
No publicly-available, national database of wind turbines existed prior to the creation of the USGS Windfarm mapper, which was replaced with the U.S. Wind Turbine Database (USWTDB) in 2018. Knowing the location of individual turbines and their technical specifications creates new opportunities for research and improved siting and is important information for land and resource management. In...
This photo shows one of the three 135-ft blades of a turbine before installation. Although the blades of wind turbines appear to move quite slowly to the human eye, blade tips often move at speeds faster than 100 mph.
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Wind turbinesare obviously one of the main options for clean energy. The amount of energy that a wind turbine can produce is critical to economics and can decidewhether a turbine is a worthwhile investment. There are quite a few factors that determine this energy, and these need to be considered carefully when evaluating the potential of a wind turbine.
There is a variety of wind turbine types, each with its own pros and cons, and thus with different potential limits of energy generation. This article will help you to make sense of the jargon surrounding the wind energy industry.
A residential wind turbine might be rated at 5kW, and much bigger wind farm turbines might be rated at several MWs each. However, the turbine will not produce this rated power all the time. The power output is fairly obviously dependent on how much wind is blowing.Thus the rated power of a wind turbine is the power that the turbine will produce at a particular wind speed.
The curve below shows an example ''power curve'' for a wind turbine rated at 1000W. You''ll note that the power doesn''t start increasing at zero wind speed: each turbine has a ''cut-in'' wind speed at which it starts to produce power. The power increases with wind speed up to it''s rated power, which is at a defined wind speed (wind turbine specifications will state the rated power and the wind speed for the rated power). The power then stays fairly constant with increasing wind speed until the turbine is shut down for safety reasons. Typically shut-down speeds are about 25 m/s.
To put these speeds in perspective, maximum power is at about 11 m/s which is 24.6 mph or 21 knots. Pretty windy. A shut-down wind speed of 25 m/s is 56 mph or 48.6 knots. This shows that wind turbines have a wide operating window for stronger winds. At the lower end, a minimum wind speed of about 5 m/s is often considered necessary for a wind turbine to be viable. This is 11 mph or 9.7 knots.
However all this relates to power, not energy. Your electricity bill is based on how much energy you use: if you look at the bill you will be charged per kWh (short for kilowatt-hour) you use. Energy is power multiplied by time. The units of power are watts, and units of energy watt-hours. For example, if a turbine runs for 1 hour at 1000W, it will generate 1000 watt-hours of energy. A higher rated power will give you more energy, but you also need the wind to blow at a good speed for lots of time.
So what determines rated power? The biggest factor is the size of the turbine. Wind turbines work by converting the wind that passes through the spinning turbines into energy. They''re about 40-50% efficient at doing this. Thespinning blades of the turbinedefine a circle, with wind passing through the area of the circle being converted to energy. Remembering some basic high school maths, the area of a circle is pi x r2. In this case r is the length of the turbine blades.
This equation is important because it shows just how much the power and energy a turbine produces is dependent on the length of the blade. If you double the length of the blade, you will get four times the amount of power and energy.
Homes and commercial sites have space and regulatory considerations that limit the lengths of the blades. Large wind farms have much less restrictions and there is a continual push to make larger turbine blades and thus more powerful turbines. The world record length is currently set at a whopping 107m on the General Electric 12 MW Haliade-X turbine. These things have all sorts of transport issues and are certainly not cheap!
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