In 2021, Ukraine produced 19.8 billion cubic meters (bcm or Gm 3) of natural gas. To satisfy domestic demand of 27.3 bcm that year, Ukraine relied on gas imports (2.6 bcm) and withdrawal from underground storage (4.9 bcm). Winter demand can reach 150 mcm per day.
Several gas storage facilities in the east have faced operational limitations or been damaged by Russia''s invasion, but the bulk of gas storage is in western Ukraine. The Krasnopopivske (0.42 bcm) and Verhunske (0.4 bcm) underground storage sites are located under territory occupied by Russia, and there have been reports of damage to surface
Total energy supply (TES) includes all the energy produced in or imported to a country, minus that which is exported or stored. It represents all the energy required to supply end users in the country. Some of these energy sources are used directly while most are transformed into fuels or electricity for final consumption.
Ukraine produces all fossil fuels (in 2018: 14.4 million tonnes of oil equivalent [Mtoe] of coal, 16.5 Mtoe of natural gas and 2.3 Mtoe of crude oil), but in quantities insufficient to meet total energy demand. Still, nearly 65% of Ukraine''s total energy demand is covered by domestic production.
market and regulatory frameworks shaping renewable energy production and marketing has persisted. In the summer of 2023, the adoption of a Green Transition Law introduced various measures aimed at aligning with the Energy Community''s legal framework for renewable energy.
Energy production includes any fossil fuels drilled and mined, which can be burned to produce electricity or used as fuels, as well as energy produced by nuclear fission and renewable power sources such as hydro, wind and solar PV. Bioenergy - which here includes both modern and traditional sources, including the burning of municipal waste - is also an important domestic energy source in many countries.
Imports, particularly of fossil fuels like oil, natural gas and coal, make up an important part of the energy supply in many countries. Countries that rely heavily on imported energy may be vulnerable to supply disruption from external events such as the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. In countries that export large amounts of energy, falling energy prices can also cause major economic shocks.
Energy sources, particularly fossil fuels, are often transformed into more useful or practical forms before being used. For example, crude oil is refined into many different kinds of fuels and products, while coal, oil and natural gas can be burned to generate electricity and heat. Other forms of transformation, such as extracting gas or oil from coal, play a relatively minor role in the energy systems of most countries.
Another important form of transformation is the generation of electricity. Thermal power plants generate electricity by harnessing the heat of burning fuels or nuclear reactions – during which up to half of their energy content is lost. Renewable power sources generate electricity directly from natural forces such as the sun, wind, or the movement of water.
Total final consumption (TFC) is the energy consumed by end users such as individuals and businesses to heat and cool buildings, to run lights, devices, and appliances, and to power vehicles, machines and factories. It also includes non-energy uses of energy products, such as fossil fuels used to make chemicals.
Some of the energy found in primary sources is lost when converting them to useable final products, especially electricity. As a result, the breakdown of final consumption can look very different from that of the primary energy supply (TES). Both are needed to fully understand the energy system.
The sectoral breakdown of a country''s energy demand, which is based on its economy, geography and history, can greatly impact its energy needs and which energy sources it relies on to meet those needs – such as fueling automobiles, heating or cooling homes or running factories.
The implementation of energy storage allows integrating more RES generation into the energy system. This technology is an essential tool for solving the problems of the security of electricity supply and operational security of the unified energy system of Ukraine and for implementation of the green energy transition of the state.
On 15 April, the President signed the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine on the Development of Energy Storage Facilities" No. 2046-IX (the "Law on the Development of Energy Storage Facilities"), adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on 15 February 2022. The Law enters into force two months after its publication, namely on 16 June 2022. It provides for amendments to the Laws of Ukraine "On the National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission" and "On the Electricity Market".
– at any time, the total output capacity of the electricity producer in the unified power system of Ukraine does not exceed the installed capacity of the electricity facilities of such a producer as set in its license on electricity production;
The fee is calculated based on the tariffs for such services and the amount of electricity, which is the difference between the monthly withdrawal and the monthly output of electricity by the facility.
Equipment for storage (accumulation) of energy is subject to the general conditions and procedure for connecting to the transmission system provided for by the Transmission System Code, with the following features:
The Transmission System Code establishes the types of energy storage facilities (А1, А2, B, C, D) depending on the voltage level of their connection point and maximum output capacity and also technical requirements for the respective types.
The Transmission System Code also defines requirements for participation of the energy storage facilities in ensuring operational security of the transmission system, operational planning of the transmission system, and provision of ancillary services to the TSO.
The Report on assessment of conformity (sufficiency) of generating capacities – 2020 (the "Report") of the transmission system operator (PJSC "NPC "Ukrenergo") provides for the need to accelerate the implementation of electricity storage systems with a total capacity of up to 0.5 GW or even up to 2 GW, depending on the options for involving generation in regulation, which will provide the unified power system of Ukraine with the necessary regulation reserves to meet compliance requirements.
In addition, the Report outlines that introduction of facilities for accumulation and transfer of power from periods of the electricity load schedule, where there is a surplus, to periods where there is a deficit, solves the problem of long-term power surpluses.
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