Lithium iron phosphate is an important cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Due to its high theoretical specific capacity, low manufacturing cost, good cycle performance, and environmental friendliness, it has become a hot topic in the current research of cathode materials for power batteries.
In the production process of LFP batteries, the anode material is one of the critical factors of battery performance. Among them, lithium carbonate, phosphoric acid, and iron are the three most vital raw materials for preparing LFP battery anode materials. In this paper, the performance of lithium iron phosphate and the production process of the three raw materials will be introduced to introduce their role and importance in preparing LFP battery cathode materials.
The positive electrode material of LFP battery is mainly lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). The positive electrode material of this battery is composed of several key components, including:
Lithium iron phosphate has an ordered olivine structure. Lithium iron phosphate chemical molecular formula: LiMPO4, in which the lithium is a positive valence: the center of the metal iron is positive bivalent; phosphate for the negative three valences, commonly used as lithium battery cathode materials.
The impact of lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material on battery performance is mainly reflected in cycle life, energy density, power density and low temperature characteristics.
3. Power densityThe type and characteristics of positive electrode materials determine the range of charging and discharging power of lithium-ion batteries. Factors such as the stability of the material’s crystal structure, particle size, doping atoms, carbon coating process, and preparation method will affect the positive electrode material’s ability to accommodate lithium ions and the patency of the embedding and de-embedding channels, thereby affecting the power density of lithium-ion batteries.
Compared with other lithium battery cathode materials, the olivine structure of lithium iron phosphate has the advantages of safety, environmental protection, cheap, long cycle life, and good high-temperature performance. Therefore, it is one of the most potential cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Lithium iron phosphate crystals have a solid P-O bond, which is difficult to decompose. The structure will not collapse and heat in lithium-ion battery overcharge and high temperatures or generate substantial oxides. Therefore, even if the battery is overcharged, it is also relatively safe.
The cycle life of the lead-acid battery is about 300 times. The service life is between 1~1.5 years. The cycle life of the LiFePO4 battery is more than 2000 times. Theoretically, the service life can reach 7~8 years.
Lithium iron phosphate’s charging and discharging mechanism as cathode material differsnt from other traditional materials. The electrochemical reaction of lithium iron phosphate is the two phases of iron phosphate, and the charging and discharging reactions are as follows.
The Li+ change occurs at the LiFePO4/FePO4 interface. Therefore, its charge/discharge curve is very flat. The potential is also more stable. Suitable for electrode materials.
5. Cost advantageLFP positive electrode raw materials are widely available and cheap. This makes lithium iron phosphate batteries cost competitive, especially in the electric vehicle industry, where prices have dropped to a low level. Compared with other types of lithium-ion batteries, it has a cost advantage.
The common preparation processes of LFP positive electrode materials include solid phase synthesis, liquid phase synthesis, spark plasma sintering technology, spray thermal decomposition technology and pulsed laser deposition.
The iron phosphate process is favored by many material manufacturers because of its advantages such as less raw materials, no need to use solvents, water system mixing, no ammonia emission and low process cost. The main production processes include mixing, spray drying, sintering, crushing, mixing, baking and packaging.
Lithium carbonate is one of the important raw materials for the preparation of lithium iron phosphate anode materials. The production process of lithium carbonate mainly includes the steps of ore dressing, leaching and extraction, carbonate precipitation and lithium carbonate purification.
First, lithium salt is extracted from lithium ore. Then, the lithium salt is converted into lithium carbonate by chemical reaction. Finally, the purification process is carried out to obtain high-purity lithium carbonate.
The purity and crystallinity of lithium carbonate have an important impact on the performance of anode materials. Therefore, in the production process, we need to strictly control the process parameters to ensure that the quality of lithium carbonate meets the requirements.
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