Designing a photovoltaic power plant on a megawatt-scale is an endeavor that requires expert technical knowledge and experience. There are many factors that need to be taken into account in order to achieve the best possible balance between performance and cost. Contact online >>
Designing a photovoltaic power plant on a megawatt-scale is an endeavor that requires expert technical knowledge and experience. There are many factors that need to be taken into account in order to achieve the best possible balance between performance and cost.
Our team of renewable energy engineers have the technical know-how and the experience necessary to design stellar photovoltaic power plants that strike the perfect balance between cost savings and quality for the greatest possible energy yield.
All decisions regarding the engineering of a large solar PV power system must be carefully considered so that initial decisions made with cost savings in mind do not result in more maintenance costs and decreased performance later in the system''s lifespan. In general, the decisions regarding layout and shading potential, panel tilt angle and orientation, and PV module configuration are the most critical for reaching the optimal balance of cost and yield.
Specific site conditions often inform general layout decisions such as row spacing and the overall arrangement of solar energy arrays. The layout should always be designed in such a way to reduce cable run as much as possible, which in turn reduces electrical losses. Space should be reserved for maintenance access as well.
Each location will have its own ideal tilt angle that maximizes annual sun exposure based on the latitude of the site. For fixed-tilt panels, the optimal angle may need to be adjusted due to factors like panel soiling, shading, and seasonal irradiation distribution. The higher the panels are tilted, the more they will be cleaned by rain but also the more they will shade panels in rows behind them. Simulation software can help determine the optimal tilt angle, accounting for these circumstances.
PV module configuration refers to whether individual panels are mounted in landscape or portrait orientation as well as how they are connected to each other within each string. Both orientations have advantages as far as reducing shading in different situations.
The ideal row spacing distance will be a compromise between reducing inter-row shading, reducing cable runs as much as possible, keeping energy losses low, and keeping the overall area of the power plant within a reasonable limit.
The general rule of thumb for determining acceptable inter-row spacing is to arrange the PV modules in a way that allows for no shading at solar noon on the winter solstice. In some cases, detailed energy yield simulations and calculations may be warranted to achieve optimization between yield, shading, and the cost of land.
In the northern hemisphere, the optimal directional orientation for all panels is true south. However, in some markets where producing energy during peak demand times is encouraged, it may be more financially beneficial to orient the panels facing southwest to generate the most power in the afternoon.
Naturally, the technology that is selected for the PV power plant will have an impact on the bottom line due to factors like quality and longevity, initial and maintenance costs, warranty protection, efficiency rating, and so forth.
All PV modules (solar panels) should be certified to IEC, CE, and UL standards. Beyond that, potential modules should be assessed against the following metrics: Levelized cost of electricity, quality, performance, power tolerance, flash tests, temperature coefficient, degradation, bypass diodes, warranty terms, maximum system voltage, and any other site-specific concerns or requirements.
There are many different types of inverters, so the local conditions of the site and the nature of the other system components should be analyzed when selecting the best type of inverter for the power plant. Factors to look at include the DC to AC conversion efficiency, DC input voltage and load, average site temperature and altitude, product reliability, serviceability, and total cost.
There are two main types of transformers that are suitable for solar power plants: distribution transformers and grid transformers. Distribution transformers help increase the output voltage for the plant collection system, and if the plant is connected to a distribution network, power can be exported directly to the grid. If the plant is connected to a transmission grid, grid transformers can increase the output voltage even further.
There are several different types of mounting systems that can be used for PV power plants, such as fixed-tilt support structures, single- or double-axis tracking structures, marine-grade support structures that prevent corrosion, and so forth.
The electrical design of a power plant will need to be considered on a case-by-case basis, since each site has unique constraints and parameters. However, we will share some general guidelines and industry best practices below for both DC and AC systems.
A DC (direct current) system is composed of the following elements: PV module arrays, DC cabling, DC connectors, junction or combiner boxes, protection devices, and grounding. All DC components should be rated for thermal and voltage limits based on manufacturers'' data.
The PV array design will be dependent on the inverter style and the chosen system layout. Safety requirements, inverter voltage limits, federal regulations, and the maximum and a minimum number of modules per string will need to be calculated.
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