In einem PPA werden alle kommerziellen Bedingungen für den Stromverkauf zwischen den beiden Parteien, einschließlich des Zeitpunkts der Aufnahme des Vertrags, der etwaigen Weitergabe von Herkunftszertifikaten, der Vertragsstrafen für eine zu geringe Lieferung sowie der Kündigung festgelegt. Contact online >>
In einem PPA werden alle kommerziellen Bedingungen für den Stromverkauf zwischen den beiden Parteien, einschließlich des Zeitpunkts der Aufnahme des Vertrags, der etwaigen Weitergabe von Herkunftszertifikaten, der Vertragsstrafen für eine zu geringe Lieferung sowie der Kündigung festgelegt.
Es gibt heute viele Formen von PPAs, die sich je nach den Bedürfnissen von Käufer, Verkäufer und Finanzierungspartnern unterscheiden. PPAs können durch ihre längere Laufzeit als Absicherung gegen schwankende Strompreise genutzt werden.[2]
Die Vertragslaufzeit kann zwischen 5 und 20 Jahren betragen[3], wobei der Stromkäufer während dieser Zeit Energie und manchmal auch Kapazität und/oder Nebenleistungen vom Stromerzeuger kauft. Solche Vereinbarungen spielen eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Finanzierung von Stromerzeugungsanlagen.
Laut einer Studie (PPA-Barometer) der Energie & Management Verlagsgesellschaft werden über PPA finanzierte Wind- und Solarprojekte bis 2020 lediglich 1 % der installierten grünen Kraftwerksleistung in Europa ausmachen. Die Quote solle bis Mitte der 2020er-Jahre sprunghaft ansteigen; PPAs könnten auch in Deutschland ein wichtiger Treiber werden.[5]
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The energy transition has serious ambition in Europe as we target 605 GW of renewable capacity additions by 2030. This ambition, however, needs to be seasoned with some realism. In our latest flagship study, Decarbonisation Speedways, our REPowerEU-inspired scenario calls for the right enabling factors to make the ambition realistic.
Power purchase agreements, often referred to in short form as PPAs, are long-term contracts between a supplier and buyer of electricity. The energy provider is generally an electricity generator, and the buyer is often a utility. More and more, however, electro-intensive industries and other corporates have been signing up to the agreements too.
A PPA includes all the terms of the agreement, such as the amount of electricity to be supplied, the negotiated price, who bears what risks, the required accounting, and the penalties if the contract is not honored. As it is a bilateral agreement, a PPA can be adapted to the wishes of the parties involved, so the supply contract can take many forms.
This is a transformative instrument for the energy transition. Through such contracts, renewable project developers have access to finance to deploy new renewable energy sources, while the other party gains access to stable renewable electricity supply at a predictable price. How does a PPA accomplish this?
Simply put, the buyer and the energy provider or generator come together to negotiate a price at which the provider will sell electricity to the energy user, and the volume of electricity to purchase from the generator at that price point. This is in place of leaving the sale and sourcing of power to the spot market where prices are subject to volatility – especially over the past year.
By guaranteeing a price – or a price range – the generator knows what they will receive for the electricity they generate thereby making the business case for the project become more sustainable thanks to higher and clearer visibility over their returns. Furthermore, as the PPA often stipulates the volume of electricity involved, the customer also secures stability as they can guarantee the amount of electricity they source from the generator and how much it will cost them.
This dynamic is what makes the PPA attractive. Both parties are incentivised to enter the contract through its mutual beneficiality. Utilities or other customers are encouraged to seek out a power purchasing agreement for price stability reasons while suppliers have the PPA option at hand to help them lock in consistent revenues and deliver a clear return on their project.
A PPA''s negotiated price helps lock in a stable, predictable price that allows buyers and generators to hedge against volatile prices. Generally, a PPA extends ten or fifteen years. This helps reduce the risk of fluctuations in the electricity markets, which is desirable for large, debt-financed projects such as wind and solar farms. PPAs are also concluded for the continued operation of renewable energy installations when they no longer receive subsidies.
In the context of potential future energy crises, long-term contacts can prove useful in shielding energy consumers from price spikes and excessive exposure to the spot market. It is therefore essential that the electricity market reform enhances access to PPAs by removing all unjustified barriers, allowing all consumers to sign long-term PPAs and standardising this instrument while simplifying and improving accounting obligations.
A PPA can spur renewables deployment as generators will be more willing to develop the projects if they know there are buyers out there looking for PPAs to sign. Given the EU''s 605 GW renewable energy capacity addition target by 2030, these instruments can significantly contribute to reaching such ambitious goal by fostering the development of new renewable projects, all the while providing more energy security to European households and businesses.
Finally, these instruments contribute to the reduction of emissions in the energy sector, by helping companies decarbonise their operations, and achieve their and the continent''s, sustainability objectives.
Unlike PPAs which are much more energy-specific contracts, contracts for difference (CfDs) are a more general financial instrument that has also been applied to electricity sourcing. Like a PPA, CfDs are long-term contracts. However, CfDs include a subsidy model whereby a "strike price" is agreed by the counterparties for a certain volume of electricity. If the market price for electricity rises above the strike price, the provider pays their counterparty the difference, while if it goes lower, the energy buyer pays the counterparty the difference.
In this way both positive and negative deviations from the fixed reference price are paid out to the contractual partner. Contract for difference is also called symmetrical market premium. This subsidy model defines a fixed minimum remuneration per MWh of electricity. The level of this subsidy rate is usually determined by a tender procedure and is usually granted for a defined period such as 20 years. This differs from a PPA, as the negotiated price in the contract, is the price that will be paid no matter what the price of electricity is on the spot market.
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